Our Bibliography of Peer Review Literature
The peer review process is used by organizations around the world to identify good, promising science. However, peer review can be implemented in many ways, and surprisingly, dialogue among organizations managing peer review is limited. Although literature about peer review (and particularly peer review of grant applications) is scant, there have been some studies addressing review practices, challenges and guidelines.
Compiled below is a reference list of 369 scientific articles, sorted into 23 categories, concerning the processes, outcomes and validations of the scientific peer review process, particularly focusing on peer review of applications for funding. This list is sorted by topic area and represents a centralized body of knowledge intended as a reference for those conducting/participating in peer review and those who are interested in the outcomes of the process.
- Aibs Papers19
- Assignment Load4
- Conflict of Interest and Bias43
- Critique and Text Analysis10
- Decision Making Emotion and Risk19
- Funding Strategy9
- Gender12
- General Peer Review109
- General Science25
- H Index Citations and Bibliometrics40
- Innovation10
- Inter Rater Reliability22
- Nih and Nsf38
- Open Peer Review8
- Panel Discussion8
- Peer Review Technology12
- Resubmission3
- Reviewer Pi Demographics8
- Scoring Scale4
- Team Performance18
- Training3
- Triage2
- Validation and Impact51
Aibs Papers
Barnett AG, Glisson SR, Gallo SA. “Do funding applications where peer reviewers disagree have higher citations? A cross-sectional study.” f1000research.com.
Carpenter AS, Sullivan JH, Deshmukh A, Glisson SR, & Gallo SA. “A retrospective analysis of the effect of discussion in teleconference and face-to-face scientific peer-review panels.” BMJ Open. 8 September, 2015.
Chandrasekharan, S., Zaka, M., Gallo, S., Zhao, W., Korobskiy, D., Warnow, T., & Chacko, G. (2020). Finding scientific communities in citation graphs: Articles and authors. Quantitative Science Studies. Advance publication. https://doi.org/10.1162 /qss_a_00095
Gallo SA et al. “The Validation of Peer Review through Research Impact Measures and the Implications for Funding Strategies.” 2014 PLoS ONE 9(9): e106474. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106474
Gallo SA, Carpenter AS, Glisson SR (2013) “Teleconference Versus Face-to-Face Scientific Peer Review of Grant Application: Effects on Review Outcomes.” PLoS ONE 8(8).
Gallo SA, LeMaster M, Glisson SR. “Frequency and Type of Conflicts of Interest in the Peer Review of Basic Biomedical Research Funding Applications: Self-Reporting Versus Manual Detection.” Sci Eng Ethics. 2015 Feb 4.
Gallo SA, Schmaling KB (2022) “Peer review: Risk and risk tolerance.” PLoS ONE 17(8): e0273813. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273813
Gallo SA, Schmaling KB, Thompson LA, and Glisson SR. “Grant Review Feedback: Appropriateness and Usefulness.” Science and Engineering Ethics. 27 (18) March, 2021.
Gallo SA, Sullivan JH, & Croslan DR. “Scientists from Minority-Serving Institutions and Their Participation in Grant Peer Review.” BioScience. 2022; 72 (3) 289–299.
Gallo SA, Sullivan JH, Glisson SR “The Influence of Peer Reviewer Expertise on the Evaluation of Research Funding Applications.” PLOS ONE. 21 October, 2016.
Gallo SA, Thompson LA, Schmaling KB, Glisson SR. “The Participation and Motivations of Grant Peer Reviewers: A Comprehensive Survey..” Sci Eng Ethics. July, 2019. (Pre-print available)
Gallo SA, Thompson LA, Schmaling KB, Glisson SR. “Risk evaluation in peer review of grant applications.” Environment Systems and Decisions. 24 February, 2018.
Gallo, S.A., Schmaling, K.B., Thompson, L.A., and Glisson, S.R. Grant reviewer perceptions of the quality, effectiveness, and influence of panel discussion. Res Integr Peer Rev. 2020; 5:(7).
Gallo, SA, Pearce, M, Lee, CJ & Erosheva, EA. “A new approach to grant review assessments: score, then rank.” Res Integr Peer Rev. 2023; 8, 10.
Irwin D, Gallo SA, Glisson SR. “Opinion: Learning from Peer Review.” The Scientist. 2013 May 24.
Schmaling KB, Gallo SA. “An experimental study of simulated grant peer review: Gender differences and psychometric characteristics of proposal scores.” PLoS ONE, 2024; 19(12): e0315567.
Schmaling, KB & Gallo, SA. “Gender differences in peer reviewed grant applications, awards, and amounts: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Res Integr Peer Rev. 2023; 8, 2.
Schmaling, KB, Evenson, GR, Marble, BK, & Gallo, SA. “Perceptions of grant peer reviewers: a mixed methods study.” Research Evaluation, 2024; Volume 33 rvae050
Stephen A. Gallo, Scott R. Glisson. “External Tests of Peer Review Validity Via Impact Measures.” Front. Res. Metr. Anal. 23 August 2018
Assignment Load
Cook,WD, Golany B, Kress M, Penn M. Optimal Allocation of Proposals to Reviewers to Facilitate Effective Ranking. Manage Sci. 2005;51(4):655-61.
Gallo SA, Thompson LA, Schmaling KB, Glisson SR. “The Participation and Motivations of Grant Peer Reviewers: A Comprehensive Survey..” Sci Eng Ethics. July, 2019. (Pre-print available)
Li L, Wang Y, Liu G, Wang M, Wu X. Context-Aware Reviewer Assignment for Trust Enhanced Peer Review. PLoS One. 2015 Jun 19;10(6):e0130493.
Snell, R. R. Menage a quoi? Optimal number of peer reviewers. PloS One 2015; 10(4), e0120838
Conflict of Interest and Bias
Abdoul H, Perrey C, Tubach F, Amiel P, Durand-Zaleski I, Alberti C. Non-financial Conflicts of Interest in Academic Grant Evaluation: A Qualitative Study of Multiple Stakeholders in France. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35247.
Arms W. Ethics: Trust and Reputation on the Web. Nature 2006.
Bekelman JE, Li Y, Gross CP. Scope and Impact of Financial Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Research: A Systematic Review. JAMA. 2003 Jan 22-29;289(4):454-65.
Benos D. Ethics: Detecting Misconduct. Nature 2006.
Bhattacharjee Y. Science Funding. NSF’s ‘Big Pitch’ Tests Anonymized Grant Reviews. Science. 2012 May 25;336(6084):969-70.
Bornmann L, Daniel HD. Selection of Research Fellowship Recipients by Committee Peer Review. Reliability, Fairness and Predictive Validity of Board of Trustees’ Decisions. Scientometrics. 2005;63(2):297-320.
Bornmann L. Research Misconduct–Definitions, Manifestations and Extent. Publications. 2013;1(3):87-98.
Boudreau KJ, Eva G, Lakhani KR, Riedl C. Looking Across and Looking Beyond the Knowledge Frontier: Intellectual Distance and Resource Allocation in Science. Available at SSRN. 2014.
Bromham L, Dinnage R, and Hua X. “Interdisciplinary research has consistently lower funding success.” Nature 534, no. 7609 (2016): 684.
Chandrasekharan, S., Zaka, M., Gallo, S., Zhao, W., Korobskiy, D., Warnow, T., & Chacko, G. (2020). Finding scientific communities in citation graphs: Articles and authors. Quantitative Science Studies. Advance publication. https://doi.org/10.1162 /qss_a_00095
Coats AJ, Nijjer SS, Francis DP. Protecting the Pipeline of Science: Openness, Scientific Methods and the Lessons from Ticagrelor and the PLATO Trial. Int J Cardiol. 2014 Oct 20;176(3):600-4.
De Martino B, Kumaran D, Seymour B, Dolan RJ. Frames, Biases, and Rational Decision-Making in the Human Brain. Science. 2006 Aug 4;313(5787):684-7.
Drazen JM, De Leeuw PW, Laine C, Mulrow C, Deangelis CD, Frizelle FA, Godlee F, Haug C, Hébert PC, James A, Kotzin S, Marusic A, Reyes H, Rosenberg J, Sahni P, Van Der Weyden MB, Zhaori G. Toward More Uniform Conflict Disclosures: The Updated ICMJE Conflict of Interest Reporting Form. Natl Med J India. 2010 Jul-Aug;23(4):196-7.
Gallo SA, LeMaster M, Glisson SR. “Frequency and Type of Conflicts of Interest in the Peer Review of Basic Biomedical Research Funding Applications: Self-Reporting Versus Manual Detection.” Sci Eng Ethics. 2015 Feb 4.
Gallo SA, Schmaling KB (2022) “Peer review: Risk and risk tolerance.” PLoS ONE 17(8): e0273813. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273813
Gallo SA, Schmaling KB, Thompson LA, and Glisson SR. “Grant Review Feedback: Appropriateness and Usefulness.” Science and Engineering Ethics. 27 (18) March, 2021.
Gallo SA, Sullivan JH, & Croslan DR. “Scientists from Minority-Serving Institutions and Their Participation in Grant Peer Review.” BioScience. 2022; 72 (3) 289–299.
Gallo SA, Sullivan JH, Glisson SR “The Influence of Peer Reviewer Expertise on the Evaluation of Research Funding Applications.” PLOS ONE. 21 October, 2016.
Gallo SA, Thompson LA, Schmaling KB, Glisson SR. “Risk evaluation in peer review of grant applications.” Environment Systems and Decisions. 24 February, 2018.
Ginther, D. K., Basner, J., Jensen, U., Schnell, J., Kington, R., & Schaffer, W. T. (2018). “Publications as predictors of racial and ethnic differences in NIH research awards.” PloS one, 13(11), e0205929.
Ginther, D. K., Schaffer, W. T., Schnell, J., Masimore, B., Liu, F., Haak, L. L., & Kington, R. Race, ethnicity, and NIH research awards. Science. 2011;333(6045), 1015-1019.
Hodgson C. Evaluation of Cardiovascular Grant-in-aid Applications by Peer Review: Influence of Internal and External Reviewers and Committees. Can J Cardiol. 1995 Nov;11(10):864-8.
Hoppe TA, Litovitz A, Willis KA, Meseroll RA, Perkins MJ, Hutchins BI, Davis AF, Lauer MS, Valantine HA, Anderson JM, Santangelo GM. “Topic choice contributes to the lower rate of NIH awards to African-American/black scientists.” Science Advances. 2019 Oct 1;5(10):eaaw7238.
Kaatz A, Magua W, Zimmerman DR, Carnes M. A Quantitative Linguistic Analysis of National Institutes of Health R01 Application Critiques from Investigators at One Institution. Acad Med. 2015 Jan;90(1):69-75
Kolehmainen C, & Carnes M (2018). “Who resembles a scientific leader—Jack or Jill? How implicit bias could influence research grant funding.” Circulation, 137(8), 769-770.
Kotchen TA, Lindquist T, Miller Sostek A, Hoffmann R, Malik K, Stanfield B. Outcomes of National Institutes of Health Peer Review of Clinical Grant Applications. J Investig Med. 2006 Jan;54(1):13-9.
Langfeldt L. The Policy Challenges of Peer Review: Managing Bias, Conflict of Interests and Interdisciplinary Assessments. Res Eval. 2006;15(1):31-41.
Langfeldt L. Decision-Making in Expert Panels Evaluating Research: Constraints, Processes and Bias. 2001;dissertation: The University of Oslo.
Lee C. Sugimoto CR, Zhang G, Cronin B. Bias in Peer Review. J Am Soc Inf Sci Technol. 2013;64(1):2-17.
Li D. Expertise vs. Bias in Evaluation: Evidence from the NIH. 2013;Northwestern University.
Li L, Wang Y, Liu G, Wang M, Wu X. Context-Aware Reviewer Assignment for Trust Enhanced Peer Review. PLoS One. 2015 Jun 19;10(6):e0130493.
Lo B, Field MJ, Editors. Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice. Committee on Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice. 2009;Institute of Medicine
Magua W, Zhu X, Bhattacharya A, Filut A, Potvien A, Leatherberry R, Lee YG, Jens M, Malikireddy D, Carnes M, Kaatz A. “Are female applicants disadvantaged in National Institutes of Health peer review? Combining algorithmic text mining and qualitative methods to detect evaluative differences in R01 reviewers’ critiques.” Journal of Women’s Health. 2017 May 1;26(5):560-70.
Marsh HW, Jayasinghe UW, Bond NW. Improving the Peer-Review Process for Grant Applications: Reliability, Validity, Bias, and Generalizability. Am Psychol. 2008 Apr;63(3):160-8.
NIH. Revised Policy: Managing Conflict of Interest in the Initial Peer Review of NIH Grant and Cooperative Agreement Applications. NOT-OD-11-120. 2011 Sep 26.
Oleinik A. Conflict(s) of Interest in Peer Review: Its Origins and Possible Solutions. Sci Eng Ethics. 2014 Mar;20(1):55-75.
Pham-Kanter G. Revisiting Financial Conflicts of Interest in FDA Advisory Committees. Milbank Q. 2014 Sep;92(3):446-70.
Rockey SJ, Collins FS. Managing Financial Conflict of Interest in Biomedical Research. JAMA. 2010 Jun 16;303(23):2400-2.
Stehbens WE. Basic Philosophy and Concepts Underlying Scientific Peer Review. Med Hypotheses. 1999 Jan;52(1):31-6.
Tamblyn, R., Girard, N., Qian, C. J., & Hanley, J. Assessment of potential bias in research grant peer review in Canada. CMAJ 2018;190(16), E489-E499.
Wager E. Ethics: What is it for? Nature 2006.
Wood SF, Mador JK. Science and Regulation. Uncapping Conflict of Interest? Science. 2013 Jun 7;340(6137):1172-3.
Critique and Text Analysis
Bantum EO, Owen JE. Evaluating the Validity of Computerized Content Analysis Programs for Identification of Emotional Expression in Cancer Narratives. Psychol Assess. 2009 Mar;21(1):79-88.
Bornmann L, Wolf M, Daniel HD. Closed Versus Open Reviewing of Journal Manuscripts: How Far do Comments Differ in Language Use? Scientometrics. 2012;91(3):843-56.
Fuller EO, Hasselmeyer EG, Hunter JC, Abdellah FG, Hinshaw AS. Summary Statements of the NIH Nursing Research Grant Applications. Nurs Res. 1991 Nov-Dec;40(6):346-51.
Hume KM, Giladi AM, Chung KC. Factors Impacting Successfully Competing for Research Funding: An Analysis of Applications Submitted to the Plastic Surgery Foundation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015 Feb;135(2):429e-35e.
Kaatz A, Magua W, Zimmerman DR, Carnes M. A Quantitative Linguistic Analysis of National Institutes of Health R01 Application Critiques from Investigators at One Institution. Acad Med. 2015 Jan;90(1):69-75
Magua W, Zhu X, Bhattacharya A, Filut A, Potvien A, Leatherberry R, Lee YG, Jens M, Malikireddy D, Carnes M, Kaatz A. “Are female applicants disadvantaged in National Institutes of Health peer review? Combining algorithmic text mining and qualitative methods to detect evaluative differences in R01 reviewers’ critiques.” Journal of Women’s Health. 2017 May 1;26(5):560-70.
Pier EL, Raclaw J, Kaatz A, Brauer M, Carnes M, Nathan MJ, & Ford CE (2017). . “‘Your comments are meaner than your score’: score calibration talk influences intra-and inter-panel variability during scientific grant peer review.” Research Evaluation, 26(1), 1-14.
Pier, E.L., Brauer, M., Filut, A., Kaatz, A., Raclaw, J., Nathan, M.J., Ford, C.E. and Carnes, M., 2018. “Low agreement among reviewers evaluating the same NIH grant applications.”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(12), pp.2952-2957.
Tausczik YR, Pennebaker JW. The Psychological Meaning of Words: LIWC and Computerized Text Analysis Methods. J Lang Soc Psychol. 2010;29(1):24-54.
Vener KJ, Calkins BM. Analysis of SBIR Phase I and Phase II Review Results at the National Institutes of Health. FASEB J. 1991 Sep;5(12):2640-4.
Decision Making Emotion and Risk
De Martino B, Kumaran D, Seymour B, Dolan RJ. Frames, Biases, and Rational Decision-Making in the Human Brain. Science. 2006 Aug 4;313(5787):684-7.
Denes-Raj V, Epstein S. Conflict Between Intuitive and Rational Processing: When People Behave Against Their Better Judgment. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994 May;66(5):819-29.
Finucane ML, Alhakami A, Slovic P, Johnson SM. The Affect Heuristic in Judgments of Risks and Benefits. J Behav Decis Mak. 2000;13(1):1-17.
Gallo SA, Schmaling KB (2022) “Peer review: Risk and risk tolerance.” PLoS ONE 17(8): e0273813. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273813
Gallo SA, Thompson LA, Schmaling KB, Glisson SR. “Risk evaluation in peer review of grant applications.” Environment Systems and Decisions. 24 February, 2018.
Gregory R, Mendelsohn R. Perceived Risk, Dread, and Benefits. Risk Anal. 1993;13(3):259-64.
Hagman W. Affective Biases and Heuristics in Decision Making: Emotion Regulation as a Factor for Decision Making Competence. 2013. Linköping University. Master Thesis.
Langfeldt L. The Decision-Making Constraints and Processes of Grant Peer Review, and Their Effects on the Review Outcome. Social Studies of Science. 2001 Dec;31(6):820-41.
Lipshitz R, Strauss O. Coping with Uncertainty: A Naturalistic Decision-Making Analysis. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 1997;69(2):149-63.
Pachur T, Hertwig R, Steinmann F. How do People Judge Risks: Availability Heuristic, Affect Heuristic, or Both? J Exp Psychol Appl. 2012 Sep;18(3):314-30.
Rand DG, Epstein ZG. Risking Your Life Without a Second Thought: Intuitive Decision-Making and Extreme Altruism. PLoS One. 2014 Oct 15;9(10):e109687.
Schmaling KB, Gallo SA. “An experimental study of simulated grant peer review: Gender differences and psychometric characteristics of proposal scores.” PLoS ONE, 2024; 19(12): e0315567.
Schmaling, KB, Evenson, GR, Marble, BK, & Gallo, SA. “Perceptions of grant peer reviewers: a mixed methods study.” Research Evaluation, 2024; Volume 33 rvae050
Sheeran P, Harris PR, Epton T. Does Heightening Risk Appraisals Change People’s Intentions and Behavior? A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies. Psychol Bull. 2014 Mar;140(2):511-43.
Sjöberg L. Factors in Risk Perception. Risk Anal. 2000;20(1):1-12.
Slovic P, Finucane ML, Peters E, MacGregor DG. Risk as Analysis and Risk as Feelings: Some Thoughts About Affect, Reason, Risk, and Rationality. Risk Anal. 2004 Apr;24(2):311-22.
Slovic P, Peters E. Risk Perception and Affect. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2006;15(6):322-5.
Taleb NN. Silent Risk: Technical Incerto, Lectures on Risk and Probability. Available at SSRN. 2014;1.
Tversky, Amos, and Daniel Kahneman. “Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases.” science 185, no. 4157 (1974): 1124-1131.
Funding Strategy
Azoulay P, Graff Zivin JS, Manso G. Incentives and Creativity: Evidence from the Academic Life Sciences. NBER Working Paper No. 15466. 2009.
Bollen, J., Crandall, D., Junk, D., Ding, Y., & Börner, K. (2014). “From funding agencies to scientific agency.” EMBO reports, 15(2), 131-133.
Bolli R. Actions Speak Much Louder Than Words: For Midcareer and Senior Investigators, the Track Record of Productivity Should be Paramount in Selecting Grant Recipients. Circ Res. 2014 Dec 5;115(12):962-6.
Boyington, J. E., Antman, M. D., Patel, K. C., & Lauer, M. S. (2016). “Towards Independence: Resubmission Rate of Unfunded National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute R01 Research Grant Applications among Early Stage Investigators.” Academic medicine: journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 91(4), 556.
Fang, F.C. and Casadevall, A., 2016. “Research Funding: the Case for a Modified Lottery.” mBio, 7(2).
Gallo SA, Sullivan JH, Glisson SR “The Influence of Peer Reviewer Expertise on the Evaluation of Research Funding Applications.” PLOS ONE. 21 October, 2016.
Ginther, D. K., Schaffer, W. T., Schnell, J., Masimore, B., Liu, F., Haak, L. L., & Kington, R. Race, ethnicity, and NIH research awards. Science. 2011;333(6045), 1015-1019.
Lauer MS. Personal Reflections on Big Science, Small Science, or The Right Mix. Circ Res. 2014 Mar 28;114(7):1080-2.
Vermeulen N, Parker JN, Penders B. Big, Small or Mezzo? Lessons from Science Studies for the Ongoing Debate About ‘Big’ Versus ‘Little’ Research Projects. EMBO Rep. 2010 Jun;11(6):420-3.
Gender
Bornmann L, Mutz R, Daniel HD. Gender Differences in Grant Peer Review: A Meta-Analysis. J Informetr. 2007 Jul;1(3):226-38.
Gallo SA, Schmaling KB, Thompson LA, and Glisson SR. “Grant Review Feedback: Appropriateness and Usefulness.” Science and Engineering Ethics. 27 (18) March, 2021.
Homma MK, Motohashi R, Ohtsubo H. Japan’s Lagging Gender Equality. Science. 2013 Apr 26;340(6131):428-30.
Kaatz A, Magua W, Zimmerman DR, Carnes M. A Quantitative Linguistic Analysis of National Institutes of Health R01 Application Critiques from Investigators at One Institution. Acad Med. 2015 Jan;90(1):69-75
Kaufman RR, Chevan J. The Gender Gap in Peer-Reviewed Publications by Physical Therapy Faculty Members: A Productivity Puzzle. Phys Ther. 2011 Jan;91(1):122-31.
Kolehmainen C, & Carnes M (2018). “Who resembles a scientific leader—Jack or Jill? How implicit bias could influence research grant funding.” Circulation, 137(8), 769-770.
Magua W, Zhu X, Bhattacharya A, Filut A, Potvien A, Leatherberry R, Lee YG, Jens M, Malikireddy D, Carnes M, Kaatz A. “Are female applicants disadvantaged in National Institutes of Health peer review? Combining algorithmic text mining and qualitative methods to detect evaluative differences in R01 reviewers’ critiques.” Journal of Women’s Health. 2017 May 1;26(5):560-70.
Mutz R, Bornmann L, Daniel HD. Does Gender Matter in Grant Peer Review?: An Empirical Investigation Using the Example of the Austrian Science Fund. Z Psychol. 2012;220(2):121-129.
Schmaling KB, Gallo SA. “An experimental study of simulated grant peer review: Gender differences and psychometric characteristics of proposal scores.” PLoS ONE, 2024; 19(12): e0315567.
Schmaling, KB & Gallo, SA. “Gender differences in peer reviewed grant applications, awards, and amounts: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Res Integr Peer Rev. 2023; 8, 2.
Tamblyn, R., Girard, N., Qian, C. J., & Hanley, J. Assessment of potential bias in research grant peer review in Canada. CMAJ 2018;190(16), E489-E499.
van Arensbergen P, van der Weijden I, van den Besselaar P. Academic Talent Selection in Grant Review Panels. In book: (Re)Searching Academic Careers, Chapter: 2. 2014. Publisher: Russian Academy of Sciences.
General Peer Review
Abdoul H, Perrey C, Amiel P, Tubach F, Gottot S, Durand-Zaleski I, Alberti C. Peer Review of Grant Applications: Criteria Used and Qualitative Study of Reviewer Practices. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e46054.
Alberts B, Kirschner MW, Tilghman S, Varmus H. Rescuing US Biomedical Research from its Systemic Flaws. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Apr 22;111(16):5773-7.
Bandeh-Ahmadi A. Editorial Decisions and Measuring Information Contents of Reviews. Available at SSRN. 2013.
Benos DJ, Bashari E, Chaves JM, Gaggar A, Kapoor N, LaFrance M, Mans R, Mayhew D, McGowan S, Polter A, Qadri Y, Sarfare S, Schultz K, Splittgerber R, Stephenson J, Tower C, Walton RG, Zotov A. The Ups and Downs of Peer Review. Adv Physiol Educ. 2007 Jun;31(2):145-52.
Berg JM. Science Policy: Well-Funded Investigators Should Receive Extra Scrutiny. Nature. 2012 Sep 13;489(7415):203.
Bhattacharya A. Science Funding: Duel to the Death. Nature. 2012 Aug 2;488(7409):20-2.
Bielski A, Harris R, Gillis N. Summary Report of Comments Received on NIH System to Support Biomedical and Behavioral Research and Peer Review. 2007 November.
Bollen, J., Crandall, D., Junk, D., Ding, Y., & Börner, K. (2014). “From funding agencies to scientific agency.” EMBO reports, 15(2), 131-133.
Bornmann L. Scientific Peer Review: An Analysis of the Peer Review Process from the Perspective of Sociology of Science Theories. Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge. 2008;VI(2):23-38.
Brown T. Perspective: ‘I Don’t Know What to Believe’. Nature 2006.
Cantor M, Gero S. The Missing Metric: Quantifying Contributions of Reviewers. R Soc Open Sci. 2015 Feb 11;2(2):140540.
Carter G. Peer Review, Citations, and Biomedical Research Policy: NIH Grants to Medical School Faculty. RAND Corporation, 1974.
Chandrasekharan, S., Zaka, M., Gallo, S., Zhao, W., Korobskiy, D., Warnow, T., & Chacko, G. (2020). Finding scientific communities in citation graphs: Articles and authors. Quantitative Science Studies. Advance publication. https://doi.org/10.1162 /qss_a_00095
Chang WR, McLean IP. CUSUM: A Tool for Early Feedback About Performance? BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Mar 2;6:8.
Chetty R. How Small Changes Can Influence Reviewer Behavior. Elsevier. 2014.
Cole S, Rubin L, Cole J. Peer Review in the National Science Foundation: Phase One of a Study. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1978.
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Dumanis SB, Ullrich L, Washington PM, Forcelli PA. It’s Money! Real-World Grant Experience Through a Student-Run, Peer-Reviewed Program. CBE Life Sci Educ. 2013 Fall;12(3):419-28.
Fang, F.C. and Casadevall, A., 2016. “Research Funding: the Case for a Modified Lottery.” mBio, 7(2).
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Fliesler SJ. Rethinking Grant Peer Review. Science. 1997 Mar 7;275(5305):1399.
Gallo SA et al. “The Validation of Peer Review through Research Impact Measures and the Implications for Funding Strategies.” 2014 PLoS ONE 9(9): e106474. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106474
Gallo SA, Thompson LA, Schmaling KB, Glisson SR. “The Participation and Motivations of Grant Peer Reviewers: A Comprehensive Survey..” Sci Eng Ethics. July, 2019. (Pre-print available)
Gallo, SA, Pearce, M, Lee, CJ & Erosheva, EA. “A new approach to grant review assessments: score, then rank.” Res Integr Peer Rev. 2023; 8, 10.
Garrison HH, Deschamps AM. NIH Research Funding and Early Career Physician Scientists: Continuing Challenges in the 21st Century. FASEB J. 2014 Mar;28(3):1049-58.
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Graves N, Barnett AG, Clarke P. Funding Grant Proposals for Scientific Research: Retrospective Analysis of Scores by Members of Grant Review Panel. BMJ. 2011 Sep 27;343:d4797.
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Groves T. Quality and Value: How Can We Get the Best Out of Peer Review? Nature. 2006.
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Hartonen T, Alava MJ. How Important Tasks Are Performed: Peer Review. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1679.
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NIH. Instructions for Use of the Review Critique Template. 2009 Apr 21.
NIH. Scoring System and Procedure. 2009 Mar 20.
NSF. National Science Foundation’s Merit Review Criteria: Review and Revisions. 2011 Dec 14.
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Open Peer Review
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Hettyey A, Griggio M, Mann M, Raveh S, Schaedelin FC, Thonhauser KE, Thoss M, van Dongen WF, White J, Zala SM, Penn DJ. Peerage of Science: Will it Work? Trends Ecol Evol. 2012 Apr;27(4):189-90.
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Mietchen D. The Transformative Nature of Transparency in Research Funding. PLoS Biol. 2014 Dec 30;12(12):e1002027.
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Panel Discussion
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Fogelholm M, Leppinen S, Auvinen A, Raitanen J, Nuutinen A, Väänänen K. Panel Discussion Does Not Improve Reliability of Peer Review for Medical Research Grant Proposals. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012 Jan;65(1):47-52.
Gallo, S.A., Schmaling, K.B., Thompson, L.A., and Glisson, S.R. Grant reviewer perceptions of the quality, effectiveness, and influence of panel discussion. Res Integr Peer Rev. 2020; 5:(7).
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Martin MR, Kopstein A, Janice JM. An Analysis of Preliminary and Post-Discussion Priority Scores for Grant Applications Peer Reviewed by the Center for Scientific Review at the NIH. PLoS One. 2010 Nov 17;5(11):e13526.
Obrecht M, Tibelius K, D’Aloisio G. Examining the Value Added by Committee Discussion in the Review of Applications for Research Awards. Research Evaluation. 2007 Jun;16(2):79-91.
Pier EL, Raclaw J, Kaatz A, Brauer M, Carnes M, Nathan MJ, & Ford CE (2017). . “‘Your comments are meaner than your score’: score calibration talk influences intra-and inter-panel variability during scientific grant peer review.” Research Evaluation, 26(1), 1-14.
Peer Review Technology
Akerman R. Technical Solutions: Evolving Peer Review for the Internet. Nature 2006.
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Bloom T. Systems: Online Frontiers of the Peer-Reviewed Literature. Nature. 2006.
Bohannon J. National Science Foundation. Meeting for Peer Review at a Resort That’s Virtually Free. Science. 2011 Jan 7;331(6013):27.
Carpenter AS, Sullivan JH, Deshmukh A, Glisson SR, & Gallo SA. “A retrospective analysis of the effect of discussion in teleconference and face-to-face scientific peer-review panels.” BMJ Open. 8 September, 2015.
Doran MR, Lott WB, Doran SE. Communication: Use Multimedia in Grant Applications. Nature. 2014 Jan 16;505(7483):291.
Driskell JE, Radtke PH, Salas E. Virtual Teams: Effects of Technological Mediation on Team Performance. Group Dyn. 2003 Dec;7(4):297-323.
Gallo SA, Carpenter AS, Glisson SR (2013) “Teleconference Versus Face-to-Face Scientific Peer Review of Grant Application: Effects on Review Outcomes.” PLoS ONE 8(8).
Gallo SA, Thompson LA, Schmaling KB, Glisson SR. “The Participation and Motivations of Grant Peer Reviewers: A Comprehensive Survey..” Sci Eng Ethics. July, 2019. (Pre-print available)
Jenkins SL, Iyengar R, Diverse-Pierluissi MA, Chan AM, Devi LA, Sobie EA, Ting AT, Weinstein DC. Teaching Resources. Using Web-Based Discussion Forums as a Model of the Peer-Review Process and a Tool for Assessment. Sci Signal. 2008;1(9):tr2.
Vo, NM, Quiggle, GM, Wadhwani, K. Comparative outcomes of face-to-face and virtual review meetings. International Journal of Surgery Open. 2016. Volume 4 , 38 - 41
Vo, NM, Trocki, R. Virtual and Peer Reviews of Grant Applications at the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Southern Medical Journal. 2015. 108. 622-626.
Resubmission
Bornmann L, Mutz R, Daniel H-R. Latent Markov Modeling Applied to Grant Peer Review. J Informetr. 2008;2(4):217-28.
Boyington, J. E., Antman, M. D., Patel, K. C., & Lauer, M. S. (2016). “Towards Independence: Resubmission Rate of Unfunded National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute R01 Research Grant Applications among Early Stage Investigators.” Academic medicine: journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 91(4), 556.
Kolehmainen C, & Carnes M (2018). “Who resembles a scientific leader—Jack or Jill? How implicit bias could influence research grant funding.” Circulation, 137(8), 769-770.
Reviewer Pi Demographics
Gallo SA, Schmaling KB, Thompson LA, and Glisson SR. “Grant Review Feedback: Appropriateness and Usefulness.” Science and Engineering Ethics. 27 (18) March, 2021.
Gallo SA, Sullivan JH, Glisson SR “The Influence of Peer Reviewer Expertise on the Evaluation of Research Funding Applications.” PLOS ONE. 21 October, 2016.
Gallo SA, Thompson LA, Schmaling KB, Glisson SR. “The Participation and Motivations of Grant Peer Reviewers: A Comprehensive Survey..” Sci Eng Ethics. July, 2019. (Pre-print available)
Ginther, D. K., Basner, J., Jensen, U., Schnell, J., Kington, R., & Schaffer, W. T. (2018). “Publications as predictors of racial and ethnic differences in NIH research awards.” PloS one, 13(11), e0205929.
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Jones BF, Weinberg BA. Age Dynamics in Scientific Creativity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Nov 22;108(47):18910-4.
Kaplan D, Lacetera N, Kaplan C. Sample Size and Precision in NIH Peer Review. PLoS One. 2008 Jul 23;3(7):e2761.
Zerhouni E. Some Observations on Demographics of NIH-Funded Scientists: Policy Implications for New Investigators. 2007 Dec 7.
Scoring Scale
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Gallo, SA, Pearce, M, Lee, CJ & Erosheva, EA. “A new approach to grant review assessments: score, then rank.” Res Integr Peer Rev. 2023; 8, 10.
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Team Performance
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Cooke, Nancy J., and Margaret L. Hilton, eds. “Enhancing the effectiveness of team science.” Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2015.
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Driskell JE, Radtke PH, Salas E. Virtual Teams: Effects of Technological Mediation on Team Performance. Group Dyn. 2003 Dec;7(4):297-323.
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Olbrecht M, Bornmann L. Panel Peer Review of Grant Applications: What Do We Know From Research in Social Psychology On Judgment and Decision-Making in Groups? Res Eval. 2010;19 (4):293-304.
Roebber PJ, Schultz DM. Peer Review, Program Officers and Science Funding. PLoS One. 2011 Apr 12;6(4):e18680.
Rogelberg SG, O’Connor MS, Sederburg M. Using the Stepladder Technique to Facilitate the Performance of Audioconferencing Groups. J Appl Psychol. 2002 Oct;87(5):994-1000.
Rosen MA, Weaver SJ, Lazzara EH, Salas E, Wu T, Silvestri S, Schiebel N, Almeida S, King HB. Tools for Evaluating Team Performance in Simulation-Based Training. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2010 Oct;3(4):353-9.
Stokols D, Misra S, Moser RP, Hall KL, Taylor BK. The Ecology of Team Science: Understanding Contextual Influences on Transdisciplinary Collaboration. Am J Prev Med. 2008 Aug;35(2 Suppl):S96-115.
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Training
Garfield JM, Kaye AD, Kolinsky DC, Urman RD. A Systematic Guide for Peer Reviewers for a Medical Journal. J Med Pract Manage. 2015 Mar-Apr;30(6 Spec No):13-7.
Rosen MA, Weaver SJ, Lazzara EH, Salas E, Wu T, Silvestri S, Schiebel N, Almeida S, King HB. Tools for Evaluating Team Performance in Simulation-Based Training. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2010 Oct;3(4):353-9.
Sattler DN, McKnight PE, Naney L, Mathis R. Grant Peer Review: Improving Inter-Rater Reliability with Training. PLoS One. 2015 Jun 15;10(6):e0130450.
Triage
Bornmann L, Mutz R, Daniel H-R. Latent Markov Modeling Applied to Grant Peer Review. J Informetr. 2008;2(4):217-28.
Vener KJ, Feuer EJ, Gorelic L. A Statistical Model Validating Triage for the Peer Review Process: Keeping the Competitive Applications in the Review Pipeline. FASEB J. 1993 Nov;7(14):1312-9.
Validation and Impact
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Bornmann L, Daniel HD. Selection of Research Fellowship Recipients by Committee Peer Review. Reliability, Fairness and Predictive Validity of Board of Trustees’ Decisions. Scientometrics. 2005;63(2):297-320.
Bornmann L, Daniel HD. The Usefulness of Peer Review for Selecting Manuscripts for Publication: A Utility Analysis Taking as an Example a High-Impact Journal. PLoS One. 2010 Jun 28;5(6):e11344.
Bornmann L, Wallon G, Ledin A. Does the Committee Peer Review Select the Best Applicants for Funding? An Investigation of the Selection Process for Two European Molecular Biology Organization Programmes. PLoS One. 2008;3(10):e3480.
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Crespia GA, Geunab A. An Empirical Study of Scientific Production: A Cross Country Analysis, 1981-2002. Res Policy. 2008;37(4):565-79.
Danthi N, Wu CO, Shi P, Lauer M. Percentile Ranking and Citation Impact of a Large Cohort of National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-Funded Cardiovascular R01 Grants. Circ Res. 2014 Feb 14;114(4):600-6.
Danthi NS, Wu CO, DiMichele DM, Hoots WK, Lauer MS. Citation Impact of NHLBI R01 Grants Funded Through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act as Compared to R01 Grants Funded Through a Standard Payline. Circ Res. 2015 Feb 27;116(5):784-8.
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Eloy JA, Svider PF, Kanumuri VV, Folbe AJ, Setzen M, Baredes S. Do AAO-HNSF CORE Grants Predict Future NIH Funding Success? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 May 20. [Epub ahead of print]
Escobar-Alvarez SN, Myers ER. The Doris Duke Clinical Scientist Development Award: Implications for Early-Career Physician Scientists. Acad Med. 2013 Nov;88(11):1740-6.
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Fang, F.C. and Casadevall, A., 2016. “Research Funding: the Case for a Modified Lottery.” mBio, 7(2).
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Hoppe TA, Litovitz A, Willis KA, Meseroll RA, Perkins MJ, Hutchins BI, Davis AF, Lauer MS, Valantine HA, Anderson JM, Santangelo GM. “Topic choice contributes to the lower rate of NIH awards to African-American/black scientists.” Science Advances. 2019 Oct 1;5(10):eaaw7238.
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Jackson JL, Srinivasan M, Rea J, Fletcher KE, Kravitz RL. The Validity of Peer Review in a General Medicine Journal. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e22475.
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Kaltman JR, Evans FJ, Danthi NS, Wu CO, DiMichele DM, Lauer MS. Prior Publication Productivity, Grant Percentile Ranking, and Topic-Normalized Citation Impact of NHLBI Cardiovascular R01 Grants. Circ Res. 2014 Sep 12;115(7):617-24.
Kotchen TA, Lindquist T, Miller Sostek A, Hoffmann R, Malik K, Stanfield B. Outcomes of National Institutes of Health Peer Review of Clinical Grant Applications. J Investig Med. 2006 Jan;54(1):13-9.
Lauer MS. Thought Exercises on Accountability and Performance Measures at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI): An Invited Commentary for Circulation Research. Circ Res. 2011 Feb 18;108(4):405-9.
Laurence WF, Useche C, Laurance SG, Bradshaw CJA. Predicting Publication Success for Biologists. BioScience. 2013;63(10):817-23.
Li D, Agha L. Research Funding. Big Names or Big Ideas: Do Peer-Review Panels Select the Best Science Proposals? Science. 2015 Apr 24;348(6233):434-8.
Lindner MD, Nakamura RK. Examining the Predictive Validity of NIH Peer Review Scores. PLoS One. 2015 Jun 3;10(6):e0126938.
Marsh HW, Jayasinghe UW, Bond NW. Improving the Peer-Review Process for Grant Applications: Reliability, Validity, Bias, and Generalizability. Am Psychol. 2008 Apr;63(3):160-8.
Martin MR, Lindquist T, Kotchen TA. Why are Peer Review Outcomes Less Favorable for Clinical Science than for Basic Science Grant Applications? Am J Med. 2008 Jul;121(7):637-41.
Mason JL, Lei M, Faupel-Badger JM, Ginsburg EP, Seger YR, Dijoseph L, Schnell JD, Wiest JS. Outcome Evaluation of the National Cancer Institute Career Development Awards Program. J Cancer Educ. 2013 Mar;28(1):9-17.
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Moed HF, Glanzel W, Schmoch U. Handbook of Quantitative Science and Technology Research: The Use of Publications and Patent Statistics in Studies of S&T Systems. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.
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Schmaling, KB, Evenson, GR, Marble, BK, & Gallo, SA. “Perceptions of grant peer reviewers: a mixed methods study.” Research Evaluation, 2024; Volume 33 rvae050
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